The Alto and Ethernet System Xerox parc in the 1970’s Butler Lampson

 The Alto and Ethernet System Xerox parc in the 1970’s Butler Lampson

Yüklə 493 b. tarix 17.10.2017 ölçüsü 493 b. #5479

The Alto and Ethernet System Xerox PARC in the 1970’s Butler Lampson Microsoft Research October 17, 2006 Influences—“On the shoulders of giants” ARPA community Man-computer symbiosis—Licklider Time-sharing: CTSS, SDS 940, Tenex Engelbart’s On-Line System Flex machine—Kay Arpanet Aloha packet radio network Xerox—“Office of the future” The electronic office Alto in Context Organization CSL Hardware: Alto, Ethernet OS, Languages (BCPL, Mesa, Lisp) Printing, file servers Networking Bravo (→Word), Draw (→Illustrator), fonts Grapevine (email transport, server) Laurel (email client) SSL Printing, file servers Smalltalk Gypsy (→Word) Markup (→Paint) Timeline 1960s Time-sharing, Sketchpad, NLS 1970s Xerox PARC Alto, Ethernet, laser printers Bravo, Draw, Pup, Smalltalk Altair, Apple II Internet 1980s 81 Xerox Star, IBM PC 84 Macintosh, Laserwriter, MS Word/Excel 1990s Windows, Web Themes But a man’s reach should exceed his grasp, or what’s a heaven for? —Browning Computers can be used as tools to help people think and communicate Licklider ARPA time-sharing and networking Engelbart and NLS Alan Kay and Flex Xerox: Office of the Future How do we grow after copiers? Personal Distributed Computing Personal Under the control of a person and serves his needs. Performance is predictable, and fast enough Reliable and available. Not too hard to use Distributed Everything in the real world is distributed The computer is a communication device Personal + communication = distributed Need to share expensive devices too, esp. printers Computing We programmed, but users didn’t Information Convenient For A Person Universal Any (black-and-white) image, data, any software Words, pictures, music, ... Specialize with software Ink on paper Present images Point at places in the image The Alto can do this quite well For a single 8.5" x 11" sheet of paper With black ink No restrictions on the form of the images Cannot read images Voice and other sounds. Later, less important Principles “Time machine”—simulate the future Use what you build Good for text, pictures, printing, sound, email Bad for spreadsheets, databases Personal machine “People are fast, machines are slow” Performance is predictable No grand plan for the system: integration Not enough experience, cycles or memory Open OS, world-swap Exception: Smalltalk Alto Hardware 0.3 MIPS 128 KB RAM 2.5 MB disk 3 Mbit Ethernet for 50 Altos 600x800 x l display $12,000 to make Alto Block Diagram Hardware Moore’s law: live in the future if you can Price X CPU RAM Disk Net Alto MIPS MB MB MB/s 1974: Alto $40k 1 0.3 0.1 2.5 .05 1984: Mac $3k 1 1 0.5 1.5 .03 1995: PC $3k 100 50 16 300 .1 2006: PC $1k 10000 2000 1000 300G 100 Hardware Comparison Key Ideas For Hardware KISS Had to be cheap enough to build lots of them Bitmap display Display anything – like paper Programmable at all levels Could change the instruction set and add new operations easily Flexible and powerful input-output Ethernet and Laser Printer controllers were add-ins Distributed system Connect many systems together with Ethernet Alto In Use Alto Awaiting Restoration Ethernet CSMA/CD Based on Aloha Collision detect Exp. Backoff 3 Mbits/sec Shared by 50 Altos Repeaters Much later, switches Laser Printers Marriage of Xerography and Computing EARS was the first (1974) print server Ethernet Alto Research Character Generator Scanning Laser Output Terminal 1 copy/second, 500 dots/inch Lower-cost and color versions developed later Dover: 300 dpi, small Alto interface. 100 copies Xerox understood it, built a successful business SLOT Printer, 1972 The software Programming Servers User interface Applications Software is “thought-stuff” Programming: OS, languages Main problem: live with .1 MIPS, 128 KB RAM, 5 MB disk OS: files, programs, network, command line Open: get rid of any parts you don’t need World-swap to change environments Languages BCPL: father of C Mesa Smalltalk Servers Network: Ethernet and Pup First internet: Ethernet, Arpanet, phone lines, ... Printing 3 generations of laser printer hardware 3 generations of imagers: Ears, Press, Interpress Files “Interim” file system Research file systems Email Tenex Arpanet email Grapevine distributed naming and email User interfaces Windows Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows Other software used tiled windows Smalltalk Complete system OO language Integrated edit/debug Windows BitBlt Bravo First WYSIWYG editor Prototype for MS Word Initial ideas Piece table for document Cache line bit maps Later Fonts and layout High-quality printing Styles Modeless UI from Gypsy User interfaces Windows Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows Other software used tiled windows Views—compute what you see Smalltalk browser Bravo multiple document views Laurel email folders Laurel Email Header Pane Laurel/Grapevine Distributed email system Multiple servers Names, mailboxes Eventual consistency 3-pane window Headers Message in Message out User interfaces Windows Smalltalk pioneered overlapping windows Other software used tiled windows Views—compute what you see Smalltalk browser Bravo multiple document views Laurel email folders Menus Markup had pop-up menus Smalltalk had the first icons Markup’s Popup Menu User interfaces: Displaying things Images Bit-maps (as in Paint and Photoshop) Object graphics (as in MacDraw and Illustrator) Fonts Spline outlines for scalable fonts Screen versions hand-drawn—hinting much later BitBlt Computing with rectangular bitmaps Markup Pure bit-map editing Arbitrary images Low resolution Popup menu Draw SIL for Logic Drawings Cedar Applications Writing: Bravo  Microsoft Word Drawing Markup  Paint programs Draw  MacDraw, Illustrator, Powerpoint, etc. Sil  CAD programs Email: Laurel mh, Eudora, Outlook, etc. What the Alto system was like Just like today’s personal computing world Writing, drawing, music, networks, printing, email Except The Web, search engines Spreadsheets Integration Speed Boca Raton—1976 Big show-and-tell for Xerox execs Lots of Altos Ethernet Laser printers The apps you’ve seen Goal: Get Xerox to make products Result: Systems Development Division Star office system Limited sales of Alto office systems E.g., to White House What Xerox did with the Alto Electronic printing—many billions of dollars Xerox Star—Office system Fumbled the future? Yes, but the real story is more interesting “It’s easier to get a venture capitalist to give you money than to persuade the management of a large, successful company to try something new.” —Gordon Moore Xerox Products: Printing 9700—2 pages/sec computer printer Based on Xerox 9200 copier Hence sheet fed, good paper handling Hence blue laser “Character generator” based on PARC RCG Competition: IBM laser printer Fan-fold paper Low end printers First for Star—8000 print server Later OEMed, but too expensive Interpress—ancestor of Postscript Xerox Products: Star Office System Star, shipped 1981 (same as IBM PC) Ran on Dandelion processor Built on Mesa and Pilot Reliable, somewhat slow Highly integrated Editing, spreadsheet, filing, printing Best office system for at least 10 years Roughly = 1995 MS Windows /Office Didn’t sell—too expensive, closed $20-25k/workstation in total; 25,000 sold Apple Lisa in 1982 failed for the same reasons Irony: researchers wanted a much simpler product What Went Wrong? Printing Xerox focus on high end copiers and printers “No money in low end” Target existing markets: computer printing Office printing ignored. Apple, HP won this in 1985 Star Office System Engineers had a vision, and achieved it A wonderful system: 10 years ahead of its time Too expensive, inflexible Overwhelmed by IBM PC wave Researchers pushed for something more like Alto What Others Did with the Alto Today Today’s PC is about 10,000 X an Alto Where did all the resources go? Visual fidelity and elegance Integration Backward compatibility Scale—books, not just memos Time to market Response time Did we foresee it? Of course: Moore’s law. Tomorrow “The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” Are computers boring now? Hardly! Computers are good for three things: 1955: Simulation 1980: Communication 2005: Embodiment—interact with the physical world The best is yet to come—see research.microsoft.com/gray Robots Computers that see, hear, talk, understand Information at your fingertips Kataloq: courses -> csep590 courses -> Ultrasonografide kullanilan ses dalgalarinin özellikleri courses -> Jerry M. Burger courses -> The Humanistic approach has emerged in the late 1960’s, primarily as a reaction to the two major views of humanity popular at that time courses -> Degeneration vs. Progeneration Science and Pseudoscience courses -> Assemblers courses -> Using the assembler courses -> Lecture 6 Assembler Directives courses -> Generate machine language courses -> Mips assembler Programming Prof. Sirer cs 316 csep590 -> Privacy Preserving Data Mining Yüklə 493 b. Dostları ilə paylaş:

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